Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 February 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Kim Rand is an employee of Maths In Health B.V., which has received funding from Eli Lilly and Company to provide consultancy services related to indirect treatment comparisons. Kurt Gebauer has acted as an advisory board member, lecturer, and investigator for Sanofi, Lilly, Leo, and AbbVie, and served as an investigator for Apogee. Yousef Bin Amer is an advisor for and/or has received honorarium from AbbVie, Pfizer, Amgen, Sanofi, Eli Lilly, Kyowa Kirin, and Novartis. Yung-Tsu Cho has served as an investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Bluepoint, Celldex, Dermira, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Oneness Biotech, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi, and has received speaker fees from AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and Viatris. Manny Papadimitropoulos, Lucia Seminario-Vidal, and Chao Yang are employees of, and own stock in, Eli Lilly and Company, which funded this research. Bülent Akmaz and Helena Agell are employees of Almirall.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.