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Article History

Received: 29 April 2026

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 2 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Jeffrey Crowley has received grant/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Janssen, Novartis, Merck, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, MC2 Therapeutics, Verrica, Sandoz, and Regeneron; has participated in speakers’ bureaus for AbbVie,, Janssen,, Sun Pharma,, and UCB; and has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Janssen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Regeneron, UCB, Amgen, and Arcutis. Eingun J. Song (EJS) has served as a consultant, promotional speaker and/or investigator for AbbVie, Alphyn, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Dermbiont, Galderma, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, LEO, Moon Lake, Novartis, Organon, Ortho-Dermatologics, Oruka, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, SUN Pharma, UCB, Veradermics, Takeda, Target Registry, Timber, Zura Bio. EJS is a senior editor for the Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. Linda F. Stein-Gold has received grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Dermavant, Dermira/UCB, Eli Lilly, Janssen Biotech, Leo Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sun Pharma, Taro, and Valeant. Paolo Gisondi has been a consultant and/or speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Janssen, Leo-pharma, Eli Lily, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Sandoz, Sanofi, and UCB. Christopher G. Bunick has served as an investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie, AbSci, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Botanix, Castle Biosciences, Connect BioPharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Dermavant, Disc Medicine, Eli Lilly, EPI Health/Novan, Galderma, Highlight Therapeutics, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Palvella, Pfizer, Priovant, Regeneron, Sanofi, South Beach Symposium, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Timber, Teladoc, Triveni, UCB, and Veradermics. Richard Ta is an AbbVie contractor. Blair Kaplan, Vishvas Garg, Emanuele Leoncini, Bang Truong, and Dolly Sharma are employees of AbbVie Inc. and may hold stock options. Bruce Strober has served as a consultant (received honoraria) for AbbVie, Alumis, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, CorEvitas, Dimagi, Immunovant, Johnson & Johnson, Leo, Eli Lilly, Neurocrine, Novartis, Oruka, Meiji Seika Pharma, Protagonist, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme, selectION, Takeda. He owns stock options in Mindera Health, selectION. He has served as a speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme; and as a co-scientific director (with a consulting fee) for the CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry. He is an investigator for CorEvitas Psoriasis and GPP Registries, Oruka, and Incyte.

Ethical Approval: All six trials included in this study were conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, the Declaration of Helsinki, and applicable local guidelines and regulations. Approvals were obtained from local ethics committees of the relevant countries, and written informed consent was obtained from patients at study initiation. This analysis utilized de-identified data from publications and did not require ethics committee approval.