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Article History

Received: 18 March 2026

Accepted: 25 June 2026

First Online: 30 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Matthias Augustin served as a consultant or paid speaker for clinical trials sponsored by companies including AbbVie, Almirall, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer and received support for attending meetings/travel from Eli Lilly and Company. Andreas Pinter has received payment or honoraria from Eli Lilly and Company and has participated on a data safety board or advisory board from Eli Lilly and Company. Inmaculada De La Torre, Silvia Sabatino, and Louis P. Sanden are employees and minor shareholders in Eli Lilly and Company. Walid Fakhouri is an ex-employee and former minor shareholder in Eli Lilly and Company. Pablo Chicharro reports no conflicts of interest. Mahreen Ameen has acted as a consultant and/or scientific advisor and/or speaker and/or principal investigator of clinical trials with Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, LEO-Pharma, Pfizer, AbbVie, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, and Almirall. Anthony Bewley reports receiving royalties from Practical Psychodermatology (Wiley 2014); ad hoc consultancy fees from AbbVie, Almirall, BMS, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, Incyte, LEO-Pharma, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB; ad hoc lecturing fees from AbbVie, Almirall, BMS, Eli Lilly and Company, Galderma, Incyte, LEO-Pharma, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB; support from attending BAB/EADV/ADD from Novartis, Galderma, UCB, Janssen, Sanofi; acted as an immediate past president of ESDaP and on the medical advisory board from the National Eczema Society, Ichthyosis Support Group, Psoriasis Association. Esther Serra-Baldrich reported receiving payment/honoraria from LEO-Pharma, Sanofi, Galderma, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Almirall, and AbbVie; support for attending meetings/travel from LEO-Pharma, Sanofi, Galderma, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Almirall, AbbVie; participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for Sanofi, LEO-Pharma, Galderma, Pfizer, AbbVie, and Eli Lilly and Company. Julien Seneschal reports receiving grants from Sanofi; consulting fees from AbbVie, Almirall, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Sanofi, and L’Oreal; honoraria from AbbVie, Almirall, Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, L’Oreal, and Sanofi.

Ethical Approval: This observational study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and that are consistent with Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices and applicable laws and regulations of the country or countries where the study is being conducted, as appropriate. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board or Ethics Committee at each participating site which included Le comité de protection des personnes Île-de-France II (N/A), Ethic Kommission der Arztekammer Hamburg (#2021-10562-BO-ff), Hospital Clínico San Carlos (#22/124-O_M_SP), and North of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (#21/NS/0085), and HRA and Health and Care Research Wales (#21/NS/0085). Written informed consent was obtained from all eligible participants before undergoing study-related procedures.