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Article History

Received: 28 April 2026

Accepted: 26 June 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Zuotao Zhao, Yi Li and Bin Yang have no COIs to disclose. Tara Raftery is an employee of Novartis Ireland Ltd, Dublin, Ireland, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Nadine Chapman-Rothe is an employee of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG. Pallavi Saraswat is an employee of Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Jessica McCarthy is an employee of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Ravneet Kohli is an employee of Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India. Cristina Constantinescu is an employee of Ipsos, a consulting company that received funding from Novartis for the design and execution of this study. Angie Li is an employee of Ipsos China, a consulting company that received funding from Novartis for communication of study affairs in China. Guojiao You is an employee of Beijing Novartis Pharma Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Ruixin Tan is an employee of Beijing Novartis Pharma Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.

Ethical Approval: This study was designed, implemented and reported in accordance with the Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices (GPP) of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE 2015), the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines (Vandenbroucke et al. 2014) [ ], and with the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its later amendments. Study materials (protocol, questionnaire, informed consent form) were reviewed and approved by the Tsinghua University Science and Technology Ethics Committee (Protocol: CLOU064A2008; Institutional Review Board [IRB] ID: THU-01-2025-1009-R1). Moreover, the study was also reviewed and granted exemption by Pearl IRB (Protocol: CLOU064A2008; IRB ID: 2025-0469). All participants had to review and electronically confirm their agreement with the informed consent form prior to being able to participate in the study. No personal identifiers were recorded, and all results are reported in an aggregate form.