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Article History

Received: 15 May 2026

Accepted: 8 July 2026

First Online: 20 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: April W. Armstrong has served as a research investigator, scientific advisor, or speaker to AbbVie, Alumis, BMS, Galderma, Leo, UCB, J&J, Lilly, Novartis, Sun, Sanofi, Takeda, Regeneron, and Pfizer. Ahmed Ameen has received honorarium as speaker and/or advisor and/or principal investigator from AbbVie, Ego Pharma, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi. Silvia Ferrucci has been principal investigator and/or speaker to Almirall, Amgen, AbbVie, Sanofi-Genzyme, Lilly, Novartis, LEO Pharma. Participation in Advisory board of Sanofi Genzyme, AbbVie, Almirall. José-Juan Pereyra-Rodríguez is or has been an investigator, advisor, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Galderma, Gebro-Pharma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. Michael J. Cork is an investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie, Astellas Pharma, Boots, Dermavant, Galapagos, Galderma, Hyphens Pharma, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, L’Oréal, Menlo Therapeutics, Novartis, Oxagen, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, Reckitt Benckiser, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi. Cory Rubin is a speaker for AbbVie, Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Castle Creek Biosciences, Celgene, Cutanea, Dermavant, DermTech, Galderma, Genentech, Helsinn, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Promius Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and UCB; a consultant for AbbVie, Allergan, Amgen, Biofrontera, Castle Creek Biosciences, Celgene, Dermavant, DermTech, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Promius Pharma, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and UCB; and an investigator for BMS, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Creek Biosciences, DermTech, Janssen, LEO Pharma, and Sanofi. Abel Jarell has received honoraria and/or research grants from AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Asana Biosciences, BMS, Castle Biosciences, Concert Pharmaceuticals, Dermavant Sciences, Dermira, Eli Lilly and Company, Foamix Pharmaceuticals, Galderma, Incyte Corporation, Janssen Biotech, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, UCB, and Vivex Biomedical. Alessandra Narcisi has served on advisory boards, received honoraria for lectures and research grants from Almirall, AbbVie, LEO Pharma, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Amgen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Pierre-Andre Becherel has received consultant and/or member of boards and/or speaker fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB. Jennifer Beecker is an investigator, consultant, advisory board member, speaker for and/or receives honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Apogee, Celgene, CeraVe, Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Johnson and Johnson, La Roche Posay, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, and Vichy. Teodora Festini, Ida Vittrup, and Frank Vinther are employees and/or shareholders of LEO Pharma A/S. Diamant Thaçi is a lecturer and/or consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Galderma, Genzyme, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, L’Oréal, Eli Lilly, New Bridge, Novartis, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, Stada, Sun Pharma, Target RWE, Takeda, UCB, and Vichy and received grants from AbbVie, LEO Pharma, and Novartis (paid to institution).

Ethical Approval: This multi-country study was reviewed by ethics committees at each participating center. The Ethikkommission der Med. Fakultät der Universität zu Lübeck (Ethics Committee at the University of Lübeck) reviewed and approved this study for the signatory investigator’s center (approval number 21-261). The study was conducted in accordance with Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practice, the Declaration of Helsinki, and any local regulations. All participants provided written informed consent.