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Article History

Received: 26 June 2026

Accepted: 2 September 2026

First Online: 2 October 2026

Declarations

Conflicts of interest: Bruce Strober has been a consultant, investigator, scientific co-director, speaker, and/or holder of stock options for AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen Inc., Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, CorEvitas Psoriasis and Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Registries, Dimagi, Eli Lilly, Immunovant, Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, LEO Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera Health, Neurocrine Biosciences, Novartis, Oruka Therapeutics, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, selectION, Takeda, and UCB. Mark Lebwohl has been an investigator and/or consultant for AbbVie, Almirall, AltruBio, Amgen Inc., AnaptysBio, Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brickell Biotech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cara Therapeutics, Castle Biosciences, Celltrion, CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry, Dermavant Sciences, Eli Lilly, EPI Health, Evommune, Forte Biosciences, Galderma, Genentech, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera Health, Ortho Dermatologics, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Seanergy, Strata Oncology, Trevi Therapeutics, UCB, and Verrica Pharmaceuticals. Peter van de Kerkhof has been a consultant and/or speaker for Almirall, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, and UCB. Linda Stein Gold has received honoraria, grants, and/or research funding as a speaker, investigator, or advisory board member from AbbVie, Amgen Inc., Arcutis Biotherapeutics, Celgene Corporation, Dermavant Sciences, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, UCB, and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. Joseph F. Merola has been a consultant and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant Sciences, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MoonLake Immunotherapeutics, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and UCB. Yukari Okubo has received research grants from Eisai, Maruho, Shiseido, and Torii Pharmaceutical; received honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, JIMRO, Kyowa Kirin, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Torii Pharmaceutical, and UCB; and participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Amgen Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Pfizer, Sun Pharma, and UCB. Paolo Gisondi has been a consultant for and received grant/research support from AbbVie, Amgen Inc., Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB. Zhenwei Zhou, Siddharth Chaudhari, and Cynthia Deignan are employees and stockholders of Amgen Inc. Ulrich Mrowietz has been an adviser for, received speakers’ honoraria from, received grants from, and/or participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Aditxt, Almirall, Amgen Inc., Aristea Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Eli Lilly, Foamix Pharmaceuticals, Formycon, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen, LEO Pharma, medac, MetrioPharm, Novartis, Phi-Stone, Pierre Fabre Group, Sanofi, UCB, and UNION Therapeutics. Mark Lebwohl, Peter van de Kerkhof, and Paolo Gisondi are Editorial Board members of Dermatology and Therapy . Mark Lebwohl, Peter van de Kerkhof, and Paolo Gisondi were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

Ethical Approval: All six trials were approved by the institutional review board/ethics committee before commencement and were conducted in compliance with Good Clinical Practice, the International Council for Harmonisation Guideline E6, the Declaration of Helsinki, and applicable regulatory requirements. Patients provided written informed consent before any trial-related procedures. A list of the institutional review boards/ethics committees for the included studies is provided in Table .