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Article History

Received: 31 July 2026

Accepted: 17 September 2026

First Online: 6 October 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Zuotao Zhao, Yi Li, and Bin Yang have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Tara Raftery is an employee of Novartis Ireland Ltd, Dublin, Ireland, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Nadine Chapman-Rothe is an employee of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG. Cristina Constantinescu is an employee of Ipsos, a consulting company that received funding from Novartis for the design and execution of this study. Shuang Hao is an employee of Beijing Novartis Pharma Co., Ltd, Beijing, China, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Ruixin Tan is an employee of Beijing Novartis Pharma Co., Ltd, Beijing, China, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Pallavi Saraswat is an employee of Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India, and reports holding shares of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.

Ethical Approval: This study was designed, implemented, and reported in accordance with the Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [ ], and the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Study materials were reviewed and approved by the Tsinghua University Science and Technology Ethics Committee (Institutional Review Board [IRB] ID: THU-01-2025-1009-R1). The study was also granted exemption by Pearl IRB (IRB ID: 2025-0469). Informed consent was obtained electronically; results are reported in an aggregate form.