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Article History

Received: 13 August 2026

Accepted: 17 September 2026

First Online: 1 October 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Francesco D’Oria, Costanza Falcidia, Giulio Foggi, and Angela Alfano have nothing to declare. Matteo Bianco has served as a speaker for BMS. Luciano Ibba has been a consultant and/or speaker and has served as an advisory board member for Almirall and LEO Pharma. Ruggero Cascio Ingurgio has served as a consultant for UCB Pharma. Mario Valenti has been a consultant and/or speaker for Sanofi, Leo Pharma, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Janssen, AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Almirall, UCB and Difa Cooper. Mario Valenti is an Editorial Board Member of Dermatology and Therapy. Mario Valenti was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Antonio Costanzo has served as an advisory board member, consultant, and has received fees and speaker’s honoraria or has participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Almirall, Biogen, Leo Pharma, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB Pharma. Alessandra Narcisi has served on advisory boards, received honoraria for lectures, and research grants from Almirall, AbbVie, Leo Pharma, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Amgen, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Luigi Gargiulo has been a consultant and/or speaker and has participated in advisory boards for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, BMS, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Galderma, Pierre Fabre, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma.

Ethical Approval: Institutional review board approval was exempted because the study was retrospective and did not deviate from standard clinical practice. All patients received baricitinib or upadacitinib in accordance with good clinical practice and current European guidelines. For a subset of patients, upadacitinib was supplied by AbbVie through a Compassionate Use Program activated pursuant to the Italian Ministerial Decree of 7 September 2017. All included patients had provided written informed consent for the retrospective use of data collected during routine clinical care, including demographic and clinical information. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, and data collection and handling complied with applicable regulations regarding patient protection and privacy.