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Article History

Received: 5 August 2026

Accepted: 28 September 2026

First Online: 6 October 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Vimal H. Prajapati: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Aralez, Arcutis, Aspen, Bausch Health, BioJAMP/JAMP Pharma, BioScript Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Canadian Psoriasis Network, Celgene, Celltrion, Cipher, CorEvitas, Eczema Society of Canada, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Homeocan, Incyte, J&J Innovative Medicine, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, Knight Therapeutics, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Medexus, Nia Health, Novartis, Organon, Paladin, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Tribute, and UCB; Investigator/researcher for: AbbVie, AnaptysBio, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis, Arena, Asana, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Concert, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Dermira, Galderma, Incyte, J&J Innovative Medicine, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Nektar Therapeutics, Nimbus Lakshmi, Novartis, Pfizer, Q32 Bio, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron, Reistone, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, and Vyne Therapeutics; Received grants from: AbbVie, Bausch Health, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Novartis, and Sanofi Genzyme. Vincent Richer: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: AbbVie/Allergan, Galderma, Inmagene, Ipsen, Kenvue, L’Oréal, LEO Pharma, and Merz; Investigator/researcher for: AbbVie/Allergan, Galderma, Inmagene, Ipsen, Kenvue, L’Oréal, LEO Pharma, and Merz. Megan Sander: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: AbbVie, Celgene, Amgen, Janssen, L’Oréal, Vichy, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Johnson & Johnson, UCB, Aralez, LEO Pharma, Galderma, Eli Lilly, Miravo Healthcare, Sun Pharma, and Bausch Health. Alim R. Devani: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Aralez, Arcutis, Bausch Health, BioJAMP/JAMP Pharma, BioScript Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Cipher, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Homeocan, Incyte, J&J Innovative Medicine, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Kenvue, LEO Pharma, Lilly, Medexus, Novartis, Organon, Paladin, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Tribute, and UCB; Investigator/researcher for the same organizations. Sonya Abdulla: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: Bausch Health, Galderma, L’Oréal, and Sun Pharma; Investigator/researcher for: Bausch Health, L’Oréal, and Sun Pharma. Maxwell Sauder: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: Bausch Health, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galderma, Merck, Regeneron, and Sun Pharma. Simon Nigen: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: 3M, AbbVie, Alumis, Amgen, Anacord, Arcutis, Bausch Health, Bioderma, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dormer, DS Biopharma, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Galderma, Genzyme, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, JAMP, Janssen, Kymab, La Roche-Posay, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Nuvo-Aralez, Organon, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Reistone, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Tolmar, and UCB; Investigator/researcher for the same organizations. Ivan V. Litvinov: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: Janssen, Bausch Health, Galderma, Novartis, Amgen, Sandoz, Pfizer, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, LEO Pharma, Sanofi Regeneron, Therakos, Eli Lilly, Kyowa Kirin, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, UCB, and Actelion. Charles W. Lynde: Advisor, consultant, and/or speaker for: AbbVie, Acelyrin, Akros, Altius, Amgen, Apogee, Aralez, Arcutis, Avillion, Bausch Health, Bayer, Bioderma, BioJAMP, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celldex, Celltrion, CeraVe, Cipher, Concert, Dermavant, Dermira, Devonian, DICE, Eli Lilly, Endo, Evelo, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, GSK, Incyte, Innovaderm, Intega Skin, Janssen, Kyowa Kirin, La Roche-Posay, LEO Pharma, L’Oréal, MC2, Medexus, MedX, Merck, MoonLake, Naos, Nektar, Nimbus, Novartis, Organon, Oruka, P&G, Paladin, Pediapharm, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi Genzyme, Searchlight Pharma, Sentrex, SkinCeuticals, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, Viatris, Volo Health, and Vyne; Investigator/researcher for the same organizations. Jaggi Rao: None to declare related to this work.

Ethical Approval: This study involved a modified Delphi consensus process in which healthcare professionals provided expert opinions regarding the use of photodynamic therapy in actinic keratosis. It did not involve patients, clinical interventions, identifiable personal information, patient-level data, or human biological material. Formal institutional ethics review was not obtained for this consensus activity. Patients were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination planning of this modified Delphi consensus study.