Document is current

Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 21 December 2025

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by China University of Geosciences Academic Ethics Committee. The author provided the informed consent to participate in this study.

: I, as the author, hereby confirm the following: 1. The work described in this manuscript is entirely original and has not been published previously, except maybe in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis. 2. It is not currently u 2. It is not currently under consideration for publication in any other place.nder consideration for publication in any other place. 3. If there are co-authors, all of them have given their approval for this manuscript to be published. 4. The relevant responsible authorities at the institution where this work was carried out have either explicitly or tacitly approved the publication of this manuscript. I agree to have this article published in the Mineral Economics and also consent to its publication in English by Springer in their corresponding English-language journal. Once the article is accepted for publication, the copyright of the English-language article will be transferred to Springer. I guarantee that my contribution to this work is original and that I have the full authority to make this copyright transfer. By signing this, I take responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of all co-authors. This copyright transfer includes the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article in various forms, such as reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, and both offline and online electronic versions. After I submit this signed agreement, Springer will not accept any changes to the authorship or the order of the listed authors.

: The authors declare no competing interests.