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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Academy of Finland (311077)
Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF0093951)
University of Turku
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2024
Revised: 21 March 2025
Accepted: 24 March 2025
First Online: 15 April 2025
Declarations
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: According to Finland’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, bumblebees are not classified as experimental animals; consequently, project authorization was not required (Act on the Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes 2006/62 §4). However, we considered ethical issues when designing our study. We tried to use bumblebees as effectively as possible to reduce the number of colonies in our experiments. We euthanized the bumblebees causing them as little pain as possible by stunning them with CO2 gas and then placing them in a freezer.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
