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Authors
Le Bivic, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2449-2615
Alaux, Cedric https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-2599
Domalain, Jules
Vidau, Cyril https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1972-5648
Le Conte, Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8466-5370
Belzunces, Luc P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-9962
Pioz, Maryline https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-4403
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
FEAGA (20-01 R)
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2025
Revised: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 13 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: Honey bees are not covered by European Union legislation on the welfare of animals used for scientific purposes (Directive 2010/63/EU), which applies in France. The data collection was purely observational and the experiments were carried out with care to ensure the welfare of the colonies by providing pollen, sugar and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiments, the colonies were returned to an environment suitable for meeting their needs.
