Tawfik, Amer I. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8549-9019
Ahmed, Zeinab H.
Mostafa, Mohsen F. M.
Mahboob, Mohamed A. E.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Assiut University
Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Revised: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 18 January 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
:
: No approval of the Research Ethics Committee has been required to achieve the aims of this study, as the experimental work involved an unregulated invertebrate species ( Apis mellifera ).
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.