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Authors
Hellinger, Roland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-8793
Schwarz, Paula
Dieringer, Jonathan
Ebermann, Carina
Jadhav, Kirtikumar B.
Muttenthaler, Markus
Gruber, Christian W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-7048
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Austrian Science Fund (https://doi.org/10.0.217.224/P366736)
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Article History
Received: 7 December 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 14 April 2026
Declarations
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: The research adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and institutional protocols, receiving approval from the Ethical Board of the Medical University of Vienna (EK1548/2020). Prior to blood donation, volunteers gave written informed consent. No gender or sex analysis was conducted, as it is expected that human active serum will demonstrate uniform activity in both sexes. A total of six volunteers participated in the blood sample collection.
: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
