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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 20 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).

: Although the clinical discussion presented is likely relevant to wider Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, the authors acknowledge that not all aspects are generalisable across Australia or globally. Hence, health workers are urged to consider individual patients’ clinical scenarios and needs in clinical decision making.