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Authors
Hadi, Noora A.
Al-Mahmoodi, Hanaa
Al-Shamarti, Ibtihal https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9518-9153
Al-Saffar, Ali Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-2193
Sulaiman, Ghassan M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-3849
Mohammed, Hamdoon A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2896-6790
Al-Obaidi, Jameel R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-0223
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
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Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Revised: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
