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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Revised: 2 July 2025

Accepted: 7 October 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted under the guidance of the supervising professor in accordance with the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China’s research ethics regulations (Master’s thesis exempt from formal review) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or equivalent ethical standards; compliance was confirmed by the oral examination committee at the Master’s thesis defense. Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.