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Article History

Received: 4 February 2024

Revised: 13 May 2025

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants in the study.

: All authors agree to publish this research in the International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.