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Article History

Received: 1 May 2025

Revised: 14 June 2025

Accepted: 29 June 2025

First Online: 29 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Experiments were performed according to the French law (Decrees and orders No. 2013-118 of 01 February 2013, JORF No. 0032) on animal care guidelines and after approval by animal Care Committees of Aix-Marseille Université (AMU) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). The authorization number granted by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (MESRI) is APAFIS#41012-2023021620519181 v5, entitled “Réparation du nerf péronier lése avec perte de substance à l’aide d’une greffe de vésicules extracellulaires issues des cellules souches olfactives humaines, chez le rat” in August 2023. All persons were licensed to conduct live animal experiments and all room have a national authorization to accommodate animals (License n°B13.013.06). Furthermore, experiments were performed in accordance with the recommendations provided in the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health), with the directives 86/609/EEC and 010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 1986 and of 22 September 2010, respectively, and with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines. The OEMSC were collected, previously in studies involving human participants. They were reviewed and approved by Comité de Protection des Personnes, file 2018-A00796-49. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Initiated in December 2018, a prospective study entitled NOSE (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04020367), aimed to validate the manufacture of olfactory stem cells, using good manufacturing practices, in order to use them as an Advanced Therapeutic Medicinal Product (ATMP) for repairing peripheral nerves.