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Authors
Zhou, Ying
Hecker, Katharina
Engels, Géraldine
Andres, Oliver
Knies, Kerstin
Krempl, Christine
Weissbrich, Benedikt
Härtel, Christoph
Streng, Andrea
Liese, Johannes
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 21 September 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Declarations
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: Data collection was covered by the Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty at the University of Würzburg, Germany (143/22-sc, September 22, 2022). All analyses were performed solely on anonymized data.
: Not applicable.
: JL received research grants, speaker’s fees, and fees for participation in advisory board meetings from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer Pharma, Janssen-Cilag, SPMSD, and MSD. AS received research grants, speaker’s fees, and/or fees for participation in advisory board meetings and travelling grants from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer Pharma, Janssen-Cilag and MSD. YZ, KH, GE, OA, KK, CK, BW and CH declare that they have no competing interests.
: Retrospective review of inpatient files at our own hospital pediatric ward was consented by the Data Protection Office, University Hospital of Würzburg, based on the regulations of the Bavarian Hospital Law [BayKrG, Art. 27(4)]. Parental informed consent was requested for outpatient respiratory sampling and data collection by questionnaires/follow-up. Data from the nationwide laboratory surveillance were retrieved by individual data extraction on request (status 03.07.2025) on fully anonymized data from SurvStat (Robert Koch-Institute).
