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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: A primary ethics vote was obtained at the Ethics Committee of the Department of Medicine at the University of Cologne on 2021-06-22 (local ethics ID approval 21–1369-retro), as the University Hospital Cologne was the leading study site. The participating study site received their local ethics vote at the respective ethics commission.

: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: ME has received travel grants from Tillotts and Pfizer. SMWH has received research and travel grants from Astellas, MSD, and Tillotts; research grants from Basilea, Gilead, and 3 M; travel grants from Pfizer, and lecture honoraria from Astellas, MSD, and Tillotts. MJGTV has received research grants from MSD, Heel, Roche, Tillotts, and consulting fees from GILEAD, Tillotts, Pfizer, Bioaster, GSK, Ecraid, and meeting and travel support from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Astra Zeneca, bioMerieux, DGI, European Society of Neurogastroenterology, Falk Foundation, FomF GmbH, GILEAD, GSK, Helios Kliniken, Hessisches Landessozialgericht, Infektio Forum, Janssen Cilag GmbH, Klinikum Kassel, Landesärztekammer Hessen, LMU Kliniken, MSD, Pfizer, Streamed up, St. Vincent Hospital, Tillotts. JK has received organisation and speaker fees from Landesärztekammer Hessen. SE has received speaker honoraria from Gilead. KS received speaker honoraria and/or travel grants by and/or has been consultant to Abbvie, Alexa, Bristol Myers Squibb, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Leo, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Sobi, Stemline, Takeda, MSD, Gilead. BNB received speaker honoraria, travel grants and has consulted to Beigene, Gilead, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, Janssen Cilag. JJV received research grants from MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), University of Bristol, Rigshospitalet Copenhagen, German Network University Medicine, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Federal Ministry of Health (BMG), European Union, speaker fees from MSD, Gilead, Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Basilea, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Hospital Freiburg/ Congress and Communication, Academy for Infectious Medicine, University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), Ärztekammer Nordrhein, Ärztekammer Hessen, University Hospital Aachen, Back Bay Strategies, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), Shionogi, Molecular Health, Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, Janssen, NordForsk, Biontech, APOGEPHA, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Oldenburg, and meeting and travel support from German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), University Manchester, German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI), University Hospital Aachen, German Society for Internal Medicine (DGIM), Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK). SMP received travel grants and lecture honoraria from Tillotts. BG and ES have no conflicts of interest.