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Article History

Received: 14 September 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Declarations

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: x☐ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Fauzi Elamouri, Arne Jessen, Philip Posdzich. ☐x The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Thomas Lutz: TLs institution has received research grants from Gilead, GSK, MSD, Moderna, Heidelberger Immuno, Deutsche Leberhilfe, AbbVie. Gaby Knecht: GKs institution has received research grants from Gilead, GSK, MSD, Moderna, Heidelberger Immuno, Deutsche Leberhilfe, AbbVie. Christoph Wyen: CW has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, and ViiV. Malte Benedikt Monin: MBM has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Novavax, Pfizer, Takeda, and ViiV Healthcare. Michael Sabranski: MS has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, and ViiV. Christian Hoffmann: CH has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Astra Zeneca, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, Recordati and ViiV. CHs institution has received research grants from Gilead, MSD, Recordati, and ViiV. Alexander Killer: AK has received honoraria for consulting or speaking from AbbVie and Gilead, and travel support from Gilead and Ipsen. AKs institution has received a research grant from Gilead. Björn-Erik Ole Jensen: BEOJ has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Gilead, MSD, Janssen, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, GSK and ViiiV as well as travel support from Gilead. Jakob J. Malin: J. J. M. received consulting honoraria and/or speaker’s fees from Astra Zeneca, Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Janssen Cilag. Stefan Esser: SE has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, and ViiV. SEs institution has received a research grant from Gilead and ViiV. Stefan Mauss: SM has received honoraria for consulting or speaking from AbbVie and ViiV and travel support from Gilead and AbbVie. Roger Vogelmann: RV has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Gilead, MSD, ViiV, Tillots Pharma and Lilly and travel support from Gilead. Christoph Boesecke: CB has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Bavarian Nordic, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, and ViiV. CBs institution has received a research grant from Gilead. Daniel Beer: DB has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Amgen, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, and ViiV. Stephan Grunwald: SG has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from ViiV and MSD. SG has served as an investigator in clinical trials sponsored by Gilead, GSK, MSD, Abbvie, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Madrigal. Annette Haberl: AH has received lecture fees from Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare and support for congress participation from Gilead Sciences. Florian Voit: FV reports personal fees, non-financial support from Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare and Pfizer, and grants from MSD and B. Braun Melsungen AG outside the submitted work. Nazifa Qurishi: NQ has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from AbbVie, MSD, Gilead, Camurus, Janssen, ViiV and IndiviorSebastian Noe has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Gilead, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare. SN has obtained support for medical education from AMGEN, Gilead, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare. Pavel Khaykin: has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Gilead, Sanofi, Camurus, Janssen, and ViiV. Stephan M. Schneeweiss: SMS has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Gilead, MSD and ViiV. SMS’s institution has received honoraria from conducting studies from Gilead, GSK and ViiV. Stefan Christensen: SC has received honoraria for consulting or speaking from AbbVie, Gilead, Indivior and ViiV and travel support from Gilead and AbbVie. Anders Boyd: AB has received honoraria for speaking at educational events from Gilead,. Jürgen Rockstroh: JKR has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Abbvie, Abbott, Berlin Cure, Gilead, MSD, Janssen, and ViiiV. JKRs institution has received a research grant from Gilead. Kathrin van Bremen KvB has received honoraria for consulting or speaking from AbbVie, Gilead, MSD and ViiV and travel support from Gilead.….