Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Accepted: 2 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments as well as the relevant national and institutional ethical standards. It was approved by the ethics commission of the Jena University Hospital (No. 2018–1065-Daten).

: Since only routinely collected clinical data were used, the need for informed consent was waived by the ethics commission of the Jena University Hospital.

: Daniel Thomas-Rüddel has no conflict of interest. Norman Rose received funding from the German Innovations Fund of the Federal Joint Committee unrelated to this work. Carolin Fleischmann-Struzek received funding from the German Innovations Fund of the Federal Joint Committee unrelated to this work. Konrad Reinhart received funding for this work by grant 01VSF17010 from the German Innovations Fund of the Federal Joint Committee, is shareholder with less of 0.5% of InflaRx NV a Jena /Germany based Biotech Company that evaluates a immunmodulatory approach for the adjunctive treatment of COVID-19. Beate Boden has no conflict of interest. Heike Dorow was funded for this work by grant 01VSF17010 from the German Innovations Fund of the Federal Joint Committee. The institution of Andreas Edel received payments or honoraria for lectures and expert testimony from Gilead Sciences GmbH. Andreas Edel hold shares fo BioNTech, Novavax and Bavarian Nordic (<5000€). Falk (A) Gonnert has no conflict of interest. Jürgen Götz has no conflict of interest. Matthias Gründling has no conflict of interest. Markus Heim has no conflict of interest. Kirill Holbeck has no conflict of interest. Ulrich Jaschinski has no conflict of interest. Christian Koch has no conflict of interest. Christian Künzer has no conflict of interest. Khanh Le Ngoc has no conflict of interest. Simone Lindau has no conflict of interest. Ngoc (B) Mehlmann has no conflict of interest. Patrick Meybohm has no conflict of interest. Holger Neb has no conflict of interest. Michael Nordine has no conflict of interest. Dominique Ouart was funded for this work by grant 01VSF17010 from the German Innovations Fund of the Federal Joint Committee. Christian Putensen has no conflict of interest. Michael Sander reports no COI for this work, outside this work he reports a research grant from Edwards Lifesciences. Jens-Christian Schewe reports no COI for this work, outside this work he reports speaker fees by ZOLL Medical Germany, DRÄGER, and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma GmbH. Peter Schlattmann has no conflict of interest. Götz Schmidt has no conflict of interest. Gerhard Schneider has no conflict of interest. Claudia Spies reports grants from German Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss G-BA), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Philips Electronics Nederland BV, Max-Planck Society, Sintetica GmbH, Dr. F. Köhler Chemie GmbH, Georg Thieme Verlag, German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWI), European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intenisive Care, Stifterverband (non-profit society promoting science and education), Charité inner university grants, Einstein Foundation Berlin, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. DLR) and German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) during the conduct of the study. In addition, Claudia Spies has different patents and an unpaid leadership or fiduciary role in association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AMWF), German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and German National Academy of Sciences – Leopoldina (Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina e. V.). Ferdinand Steinsberger has no conflict of interest. Christopher Tam has no conflict of interest. Kai Zacharowski declares that the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine & Pain Therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University received support from B. Braun Melsungen, CSL Behring, Fresenius Kabi, and Vifor Pharma for the implementation of Frankfurt‘s Patient Blood anagement program. KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics and Vifor and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Masimo, Pharmacosmos, Boston Scientific, Salus, iSEP, Edwards and GE Healthcare. He is the Principal Investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in Intensive Care Units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19). Sebastian Zinn has no conflict of interest. Daniel Schwarzkopf was funded for this work by grant 01VSF17010 from the German Innovations Fund of the Federal Joint Committee and received additional funding from this source unrelated to this work; he leads the coordinating bureau of the German Quality Network sepsis–a quality initiative to improve hospital care for sepsis – and was partly funded via this project from 2015 to 2022.