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Article History

Received: 28 October 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Financial interests: L.S.S., C.F.C., K.K.S., and M.N. are employees at Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Denmark. The Department of Clinical Epidemiology is involved in studies with funding from various companies as research grants to and administered by Aarhus University. None of these studies are related to the current study. L.S.S., C.F.C., K.K.S., and M.N. declare they have no personal financial interest. H.B. has received funding and honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Vifor Pharma, NOVO Foundation, Augustinus Foundation, NOVO Nordisk, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Alexion, Netdoktor.dk, BestPractice Nordic, and Novartis. H.B. holds a patent on urinary biomarkers. Non-financial interests: H.B. has been on the advisory board of Astra Zeneca, Vifor Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, and Galapagos IDMC. H.B. has served as chair of the Danish Society of Nephrology. H.B. has participated in a working group for the Danish Health Authority. M.N. serves as board member of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology.

: This study was reported to the Danish Data Protection Agency through institutional registration (Aarhus University record number 2016–051-000001/812) and did not require approval from an ethics committee.

: This study was approved by the Central Denmark Region (journal number 1-45-70-5-21/1-45-70-5-21) and did not require informed patient consent.