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Article History

Received: 6 March 2026

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 13 April 2026

Declarations

:

: MB reports research grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR) and the EU. His department received funding for clinical trials from Roche, Solvamed GmbH and BioAegis Therapeutics. MB received honoraria for lectures and consulting fees from Artcline GmbH, BRAHMS (ThermoFisher), Bayer AG, Volition, Hillrom Iberia (Baxter), DiaSorin Deutschland GmbH and Deepull Diagnostics. MB is co-owner of several patents (WO 2017041782 A1, WO 2015035974 A1, DE 102006027842 A1, WO 2012013247 A1, WO 2011080184 A1), co-applicant for a pending patent on biomarkers for the prognosis of CAP, and shareholder in SmartDyeLivery GmbH. JE received travel support for attending study meetings by B. Braun Melsungen AG and Novartis, has leadership as second spokesperson of the Scientific Working Group on Neuroanesthesia (WAKNA) of the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) and is Research Committee Member of the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care (SNACC). All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: The original trial whose dataset was analyzed was approved by the local ethics board of the Friedrich-Schiller University Jena (Ethics identifier: 2019-1306 and 2024-3429-BO) and was registered (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06749483). Written informed consent was given by patient or legal representative before study inclusion. No ethics approval was necessary for this secondary post hoc analysis.

: Not applicable.