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Article History

Received: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 6 May 2026

Declarations

:

: FR reports payments or honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca and travel grants by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; not associated with the submitted work. DK reports payments or honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Sanofi as well as participation in advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK and Sanofi; all of which are outside of the submitted work. Unrelated to the submitted work, JS reports institutional grants for investigator-initiated research from the German Federal Joint Committee, the German Ministry of Health, the German Ministry of Research, the European Union, the German Federal State of Saxony, Novartis, Sanofi, ALK and Pfizer. He participated in advisory board meetings as a paid consultant for Sanofi, Lilly and ALK; all of which are outside of the submitted work. MK reports research grants from Pfizer, payments or honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Berlin-Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, GSK, Insmed, and Pfizer and participation in advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Gilead, GSK, Insmed and MSD; all of which are outside of the submitted work. All other authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

: No artificial intelligence was used for the creation of this article.

: Data of this study were retrieved from statutory health insurance AOK PLUS. As solely the insurance’s claims data were retrospectively used, written consent from patients was not required. The analysis was approved by the Saxon State Ministry for Social Affairs and the ethics committee of TUD Dresden University of Technology (EK143052018).