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Authors
Amadi, Miracle
Vänskä, Simopekka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5677-721X
Davidkin, Irja
Haario, Heikki
Leino, Tuija
Melin, Merit
Auranen, Kari
Kontio, Mia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare
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Article History
Received: 9 March 2026
Accepted: 10 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: MM, KA, and MK are members of the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group. MA, SV, ID, HH, and TL declare no potential conflicts of interests.
Ethics approval: This study has been conducted under varying legislative frameworks over the decades. It was last approved by the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa Ethics Committee of Epidemiology and Public Health in 2011 (340/13/03/00/2011). All vaccinees, or their parents, have given written consent before the samples were collected.
