Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 July 2026

Accepted: 10 August 2026

First Online: 25 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: Carlotta Helbig has received travel support from the Central German Working Group HIV e.V. Mathias W. Pletz has received funding (including indirect payments to the employer) for research projects, consulting fees, honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events, travel support, and payment for participation on Data Safety Monitoring Boards or Advisory Boards from AstraZeneca, bioMérieux, GlaxoSmithKline, Infectopharm, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Moderna, Pfizer, Sanofi, Shionogi, and Tillotts. He holds a patent on bioactive glass element. He serves as President of the Paul-Ehrlich-Society, as member of the Board of Directors of CAPNETZ and the German Sepsis Society, as German delegate to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, and on the steering board of national guidelines on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), sepsis, post-COVID, and phage therapy (all unpaid). None of the disclosed relationships are related to the present work. Christoph Stephan received honorarium fees from the following pharmaceutical companies for scientific lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, educational events, or participation in scientific advisory boards: Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Shionogi, Thera-Technologies, ViiV Healthcare. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical companies AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, and Janssen have covered for him travel, accommodation and registration fees for scientific conference participation. None of the disclosed relationships are related to the present work. Christoph Spinner has received funding (including indirect payments to the employer) for research projects, honoraria for consulting and/or lectures, and/or travel support from AbbVie, Apeiron, AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, B. Braun Melsungen, BioNTech, Cepheid, CSL Seqirus, Eli Lilly, Formycon, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Moderna, Molecular Partners, Pfizer, Roche, Shionogi, Synairgen, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, and ViiV Healthcare. None of the disclosed relationships are related to the present work. Neel Petersen has received consulting fees, speaking frees, travel expenses and conference fees from ViiV Healthcare and Gilead Sciences outside of this present work. Axel Baumgarten has received honoraria for consulting or speaking at educational events from Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, MSD, ViiV Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, AstraZeneca. None of the disclosed relationships are related to the present work. Christoph Lübbert received a speaker honorarium from Gilead Sciences outside of this present work. Christoph Wyen declares payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations or educational events from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Pfizer and Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside of this present work. Benjamin T. Schleenvoigt received financial support from the Central German Working Group HIV e.V. for the present study (indirect payment to the employer). He received fees and financial support from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, CRM, Falk, AstraZeneca, ViiV Healthcare, AIDS help Potsdam, AIDS help Dresden, Merck, BavarianNordic and Takeda outside of this present work.

Ethical approval: Ethical approval was waived by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Jena (reference number: 4535–08/17).