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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 19 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Animal testing is essential in anticancer research because it allows scientists to study how cancer therapies interact with complex biological systems in ways that cannot be replicated in vitro. It provides insights into drug efficacy, safety, and potential side effects within a living organism. This in vivo testing is a crucial step before moving to human trials, as it helps predict therapeutic responses and ultimately ensuring treatments are both effective and safe for human patients. All animal experiments were conducted in adherence to the ARRIVE guidelines. All animal experiments were thoroughly reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI-IACUC-2022-001) and Mokpo National University (Jeonnam, Republic of Korea) (MNU-IACUC-2023-009), for the use of mice and rats respectively.

: There is no conflict of interest in submitting this manuscript, and the manuscript is approved for publication by all authors.

: All authors (M. Asadujjaman, Y.R. Nam, D.E. Lee, J.U. Choi, S.H. Kim, D.J. Jang, and J.P. Jee) declare that they have no conflict of interest.