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Authors
Jain, Sneha S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0592-1453
Rodriguez, Fatima
Perez, Marco V.
Yu, Jingzhi
Shashidhar, Sumana
Swope, Susan
Nguyen, Kaylin
Desai, Manisha
Hedlin, Haley
Shah, Svati H.
Hernandez, Adrian F.
Turakhia, Mintu P.
Mahaffey, Kenneth W.
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
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: Sneha S. Jain reports consulting relationships with Bristol Myers Squibb, ARTIS Ventures, and Broadview Ventures. Fatima Rodriguez reports consulting relationships with HealthPals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk (CEC), Movano Health, Esperion Therapeutics, Kento Health, Inclusive Health, and Edwards. Marco V. Perez reports consulting relationships with Apple, Inc., Boston Scientific, Johnson and Johnson, QALY Inc., Biotronik, and Boehringer; funding support from Johnson & Johnson; and equity from QALY Inc. Svati H. Shah has received funding support from Baseline Study LLC, AstraZeneca, and Eli Lilly. Adrian F. Hernandez has served as a consultant to or on the Advisory Board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Eidos, GlaxoSmithKline, Intercept, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Prolaio. Mintu P. Turakhia reports equity from iRhythm Technologies, Connect America, Forward, Evidently, AliveCor, and PocketRN, and he is an employee of iRhythm Technologies. Kenneth W. Mahaffey’s financial disclosures can be reviewed at . Kenneth W. Mahaffey is an Editorial Board member of Cardiology and Therapy. Kenneth W. Mahaffey was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Jingzhi Yu, Sumana Shashidhar, Susan Swope, Kaylin Nguyen, Manisha Desai, and Haley Hedlin have nothing to disclose.
: This analysis did not undergo separate ethical approval. However, the Apple Heart Study research protocol was approved by the institutional review board at Stanford University and by a central institutional review board (Advarra). The Project Baseline Health Study was approved by the institutional review board at Stanford University (72482). Consent was obtained from all participants in both studies. The studies were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.
