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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Christie M. Ballantyne has received grant/research support (through his institution) from Abbott Diagnostics, Akcea, Amgen, Arrowhead, Ionis, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diagnostics; and consulting fees from 89bio, Abbott Diagnostics, Amarin, Amgen, Arrowhead, AstraZeneca, Denka Seiken, Esperion, Genentech, Illumina, Ionis, Eli Lilly, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diagnostics. Lucinda J. Van Anglen has received grant/research support from Novartis. Xiaoli Niu is an employee and stockholder of Novartis. Sean McElligott is an employee of Novartis and a stockholder of Novartis, Johnson and Johnson, and Merck. Tyler J. Varisco is a consultant with Healix Infusion Therapy, LLC. Tyler J. Varisco is now affiliated with the University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, TX, USA. Timothy E. Graham, Bruce J. Iteld, Harvey Serota, and Kelly E. Hanna have no disclosures to report.

: All procedures were approved by Biomedical Research Alliance of New York, an independent institutional review board (#22-12-927-1297). As this was a secondary analysis of data collected in the provision of care, the study was deemed exempt from human subject restrictions. No participant identifiers were used in the analysis and patients were not required to provide consent for inclusion. Data collection was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and is consistent with the Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. Reporting followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Guideline for Cohort Studies [ ].