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Article History

Received: 22 April 2026

Accepted: 25 June 2026

First Online: 12 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Diona Gjermeni reports research support by a grant from German Research Foundation. Kevin M. Alexander has received consulting fees from Alexion, Alnylam, Arbor Biotechnologies, Bayer, BridgeBio, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer; James Januzzi is supported in part by the Adolph Hutter professorship and has received research grants from Abbott Diagnostics, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, HeartFlow, and Novartis; he has received consulting fees/honorarium from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Beckman-Coulter, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers, Intellia, Jana Care, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck, Roche Diagnostics and Siemens; He participates on data safety monitoring boards or endpoint committees for Abbott, AbbVie, Bayer, CVRx, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics and Takeda and reports equity holdings in Imbria Pharmaceuticals and Jana Care. James L. Januzzi does not report relevant conflicts of interest with this work. Kenneth W. Mahaffey’s financial disclosures can be viewed at . Kenneth W. Mahaffey and Kevin M. Alexander are board members of  Cardiology and Therapy and were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.