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Article History

Received: 3 April 2024

Accepted: 4 July 2024

First Online: 24 July 2024

Declarations

:

: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Heinz Wiendl has received honoraria for consulting or speaking from AbbVie, Actelion, Alexion, Argenx, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cognomed, EMD Serono, Evgen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Idorsia, IGES, Immunic, Immunovant, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, MedDay, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and UCB Pharma. John Foley has received speakers’ and consultant honoraria from Biogen, EMD Serono, Genentech, Genzyme, and Novartis. Gilles Defer has received personal compensation for scientific advisory boards or speaker honoraria from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Lana Zhovtis Ryerson has received personal compensation for advisory board activities from Biogen, Genentech, and Novartis; and research support from Biogen, Celgene, and Genentech. Jeffrey A. Cohen has received personal compensation for consulting from Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Convelo, Genentech, Janssen, NervGen, Novartis, and PSI, and for serving as an editor of <i>Multiple Sclerosis Journal</i>. Douglas L. Arnold has received consulting fees from Albert Charitable Trust, Alexion Pharma, Biogen, Celgene, Frequency Therapeutics, Genentech, Med-Ex Learning, Merck, Novartis, Population Council, Receptos, Roche, and Sanofi Aventis; and equity interest in NeuroRx. Helmut Butzkueven has received compensation for advisory board membership or speaker bureaus from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and UCB Pharma; and honorarium for serving on the NOVA trial steering committee. Gary R. Cutter has participated on consulting or advisory boards for Biodelivery Sciences International, Biogen, Click Therapeutics, Genzyme, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Klein Buendel, MedDay, MedImmune, Neurogenesis, Novartis, Osmotica, Perception Neurosciences, Recursion-Cerexis, Rekover, Roche, and TG Therapeutics. Gavin Giovannoni has received consulting or speaker fees from AbbVie, Aslan, Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb–Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, GW Pharma, Janssen-Actelion, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, LIFNano, Merck KGaA-EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche-Genentech, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Joep Killestein has received speaker and consulting fees from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Aimie Nunn is an employee of Cytel. Rose Domingo-Horne, Marie Toukam, Amir-Hadi Maghzi, Robert Kuhelj, Tyler Lasky are employees of and hold stock/stock options in Biogen.

: This study was performed in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation Guidelines on Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by each center’s ethics committee or institutional review board (Table in the electronic supplementary material).