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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 30 May 2025

First Online: 13 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Stephen L. Hauser currently serves on the scientific advisory boards of Accure, Alector, and Annexon. He has previously consulted for BD, Moderna, NGM Bio, and Pheno Therapeutics and served on the Board of Directors of Neurona. Dr. Hauser also has received travel reimbursement and writing support from F. Hoffmann-La Roche and Novartis AG for anti-CD20 therapy–related meetings and presentations. Grants: NIH/NINDS (R35NS111644), NMSS (SI-2001-35701), and Valhalla Foundation. Jeffrey A. Cohen received personal compensation for consulting for Astoria, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Convelo, and Viatris, as well as chairing a DSMB for Celltrion. Jérôme de Seze received personal compensation from Alexion, Biogen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Sanofi, LFB, Merck, Novartis, Horizon-Amgen, Argenx, and UCB. Sven G. Meuth has received honoraria for consulting from Alexion, Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Celgene, Diamed, Genzyme, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Chugai Pharma, QuintilesIMS, and Teva. He received a research grant from German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA), German Academic Exchange Service, Hertie Foundation, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster, German Foundation Neurology and Alexion, Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Biogen, Diamed, Fresenius Medical Care, Genzyme, HERZ Burgdorf, Merck Serono, Novartis, ONO Pharma, Roche, and Teva. Paul S. Giacomini has received honoraria for consulting, speaking, and advisory board participation from Actelion, Alexion, Biogen Idec, Bristol Myers Squibb-Celgene, EMD Serono, Genzyme-Sanofi, Innodem Neurosciences, Novartis, Pendopharm, Roche, and Teva Neuroscience. Jin Nakahara received speaker honoraria from AbbVie, Alexion, Astellas, Biogen, Chugai, CSL-Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Fujimoto Pharma, JB, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Novartis, Otsuka, Sanofi, Sumitomo Dainippon, and Takeda. He is acting as a paid consultant for Alexion, Biogen, Chugai, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, and Novartis. His research is supported by AbbVie, Biogen, Böehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, JB, Keio University, Kyowa-Kirin, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, MEXT, MHLW, MSD, Otsuka, Pfizer, Shionogi, Sumitomo Dainippon, Takeda, and Tsumura. Celia Oreja-Guevara has received fees for lectures and consultations from Biogen Idec, Celgene, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, BMS, Jannsen, Roche, Merck, and Teva. Derrick Robertson has received fees for consulting, contract research, and speaker bureau from Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, Sanofi Genzyme, Janssen, and TG therapeutics; consulting and speaker bureau from Bristol Myers Squibb, Horizon, and Alexion; consulting and contract research from Novartis; consulting from Greenwich Biosciences; and contract research from GW Pharmaceuticals, PCORI, Atara Biotherapeutics, and CorEvitas. Sibyl Wray received fees for consulting and advisory boards for Biogen, Celgene, and EMO Serano; speaker bureaus from Biogen, Celgene, EMO Serano, Genentech-Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme; and research support from Biogen, Celgene, EMO Serono, Genentech-Roche, Novartis, Receptos, Sanofi-Genzyme, and TG Therapeutics. Heinz Wiendl declares that he has acted as a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Alexion, Argenx, Biocryst, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cellerys, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Sandoz-Hexal, and Uniqure. He also declares that he has received speaker honoraria and travel support from Alexion, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, EPG Health, Genzyme, Merck, Neurodiem, Novartis, Ology, Roche, Teva, and WebMD Global and acts as a paid consultant for AbbVie, Actelion, Argenx, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, and EMD Serono. He is acting as a paid consultant for Actelion, Argenx, BD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dianthus, EMD Serono, EPG Health, Fondazione Cariplo, Gossamer Bio, Idorsia, Immunic, Immunovant, Inmune Bio, Syneos Health, Janssen, LTS, Merck, NexGen, Novartis, Roche, Samsung, Sangamo, Sanofi, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Toleranzia, UCB, Viatris, VirBio, and Worldwide Clinical Trials. His research is funded by Alexion, Amicus Therapeutics, Argenx, Biogen, CSL Behring, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and UCB. Ludwig Kappos’ institution (University Hospital Basel) has received the following exclusively for research support: Steering committee, advisory board and/or consultancy fees from Biogen, EMD Serono Research and Development, Genentech, Janssen, Novartis, Clene Nanomedicine Inc., Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion Inc., Eli Lilly (Suisse) SA, Galapagos NV, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Merck Healthcare AG, Minoryx and Santhera, Neurostatus UHB AG, Roche, Sanofi, Santhera Pharmaceuticals, Shionogi BV, Wellmera AG, and Zai Lab; speaker fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi; grants from the European Union, Innosuisse, Merck Healthcare AG, Novartis, and Roche; and testimony. Alit Bhatt, Xixi Hu, Jing Xi, Rebecca Piccolo, Valentine Jehl, Roseanne Sullivan, and Ibolya Boer are employees of Novartis.

: These clinical studies were designed and implemented, executed, and reported in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation Tripartite guidelines for Good Clinical Practice [] with applicable local regulations (including European Directive 2001/20/EC, US CFR 21), and with the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki []. The protocol was approved by an institutional review board or ethics committee at each trial site. All the patients or their legal representatives provided written informed consent before commencing trial-related procedures.