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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 17 August 2025

First Online: 19 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Luis Querol reports receiving speaker honoraria from Merck, Sanofi, Roche, Biogen, Grifols, and CSL Behring; providing expert testimony for Grifols, Johnson & Johnson, Annexon Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Novartis, Takeda, and CSL-Behring; and receiving research funds from Roche, UCB, and Grifols. Gerardo Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez reports receiving consulting fees from CSL Behring, Biogen, Alter, Takeda, Akcea, Lupin Neuroscience, Roche, Alexion, and Argenx; congress support from Alter, Esteve, Sanofi-Genzyme, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma; scientific collaborations with Lilly, Alexion, Genzyme, Takeda, Biogen, Pfizer, and Alter; royalties from books published with Exeltis, Alter, Esteve, Andrómaco, and Bristol-Myers; and grants and awards from Lilly, UCB Pharma, and CSL Behring. Adrián Ares reports receiving speaking honoraria, consultation fees, or travel support for congress and scientific meetings attendance from Almirall, Bayer, Biogen, BMS, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Teva. Elena Cortés-Vicente reports consulting or advisory relationships with UCB Pharma SA, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Argenx, and Lundbeck. Mònica Sarmiento, Neus Canal, and Pablo Rebollo are employees of IQVIA Spain, the contract research organization that conducted this study for Roche. Rocío Gómez-Ballesteros, Paola Díaz-Abós, Elisa Salas, and Jorge Maurino are employees of Roche Farma Spain. Ramón Villaverde, Virginia Reyes, and Thaís Armangué declare no conflicts of interest for this work.

: The study was approved by the institutional review board of Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (Madrid, Spain).