Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 5 September 2025

First Online: 4 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Rajesh Pahwa has received consulting fees from AbbVie, ACADIA, Acorda, Adamas, Cynapses, Global Kinetics, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Pfizer, Sage, Sunovion, Teva Neuroscience, and US World Meds; and received research grants from AbbVie, Adamas, Avid, Biotie, Boston Scientific, Civitas, Cynapses, Kyowa, National Parkinson Foundation, NIH/NINDS, and Parkinson Study Group. Jason Aldred has been a consultant and received honorarium from AbbVie, Acorda, Adamas, Allergan, Boston Scientific, Teva, Medtronic, and US World Meds; and received research support from AbbVie, Abbott, Acadia, Biogen, Boston Scientific, Denali, Impax/Amneal, Neuroderm, NINDS, Novartis, Sunovion, and Theravance. Michael J Soileau has received advisory/consulting fees from AbbVie, Abbott, Amneal, Merz, Medtronic, Neurocrine, and Supernus; received research support from AbbVie, Cerevel, Cerevance, CND Lifesciences, Intra-Cellular, Jazz, Praxis Precision Medicine, Scion, and Teva; has served on the speaking bureau for AbbVie, Amneal, Biogen, and Kyowa Kirin; and has received grant support from the Huntington’s Disease Society of America (HDSA). David G Standaert is a member of the Faculty of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and is supported by endowment and University funds; is an investigator in studies funded by AbbVie, Inc., the American Parkinson Disease Association, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research, The National Parkinson Foundation, Alabama Department of Commerce, Alabama Innovation Fund, Genetech, the Department of Defense, and NIH grant P50NS108675; has has a clinical practice and is compensated for his services through the University of Alabama Health Services Foundation; and serves as deputy editor for the journal Movement Disorders and is compensated for this role by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society. In addition, since 1 January 2022, he has served as a consultant for or received honoraria from AbbVie Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceutics, Appello, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc., BlueRock Therapeutics, Coave Therapeutics Curium Pharma, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Eli Lilly USA, Sanofi-Aventis, Kenai Therapeutics, Guidepoint, Intrance Therapeutics, CVS/Pharmacy and Theravance, Inc.; and has also received book royalties from McGraw-Hill Publishers. Victor S C Fung receives a salary from NSW Health; has received unrestricted research grants from the Michael J Fox Foundation, AbbVie, and Merz; and receives royalties from Health Press Ltd and Taylor and Francis Group LLC. Thomas Kimber has received travel support from Medtronic to participate in a workshop on deep brain stimulation; and is on advisory boards and/or has received remuneration for speaking engagements from AbbVie, Allergan, Seqirus, and Teva. Irene A Malaty has participated in research funded by AbbVie, Emalex, Neuroderm, Praxis, Revance, and SAGE; has received consulting fees from AbbVie; and has received travel compensation or honoraria from Medscape and royalties from Robert Rose publishers. Diego Santos-García has received honoraria for educational presentations; has served as an advisor for AbbVie, Archímedes, Bial, Esteve, Italfarmaco, KRKA, Lundbeck, Merz, Stada, Teva, UCB, and Zambon; and has received grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness co-founded by ISCIII. Camille Carroll has received advisory, consulting, or lecture fees from AbbVie, Bial, Britannia, InMuneBio, Merz, Mission Therapeutics, and Roche; and has recieved research funding from Parkinson's UK, Edmond J Safra Foundation, National Institute of Health and Care Research, Michael J Fox Foundation, and Cure Parkinson's. Tove Henriksen has received honoraria for speaker-related activities from AbbVie, Britannia, Convatec, Nordic Infucare, and Neuroderm; serves on a data monitoring committee for Lundbeck; and is a principal investigator for an AbbVie-sponsored study. Ashwini Parab, Connie H Yan, Amy Spiegel, Linda Harmer, and Jorge Zamudio are full-time employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock or stock options. Maurizio F Facheris is a former employee of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock or stock options; he is currently employed by Vanqua Bio. K Ray Chaudhuri reports receiving advisory board fees for AbbVie, Bial, Cynapsus, GKC, Lobsor, Profile, Roche, Scion, Stada, Sunovion, Therevance, UCB, and Zambon, as well as honoraria for lectures for AbbVie, Britannia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bial, Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, SK Pharma, UCB, and Zambon; has received grants from Bial, EU Horizon 2020, NIHR, Parkinson’s Foundation, Parkinson’s UK, and Wellcome Trust; has received royalties or licenses (ongoing) from Oxford (book), Cambridge publishers (book), MAPI institute (KPPS, PDSS 2); and has received payment for expert testimony for the General Medical Council (UK).

: These studies were conducted in accordance with their respective protocols, International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines, and guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. These studies were approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each study site (independent ethics committee/institutional review board details have been previously published for the OLT [], and are provided in the supplementary appendix for the RCT). Participants and their caregivers (if applicable) provided written informed consent before screening. These studies were registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04380142 and NCT03781167). Permissions were obtained to use the scales employed in this study (e.g., PD Hauser diary, Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale).