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Article History

Received: 5 August 2025

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 8 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Andrea Harrer received travel support from BMS and honoraria for lectures from Merck. Richard F Radlberger received travel support, honoraria for presentations or participation on advisory boards from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Merz Pharma, AbbVie, Sanofi Genzyme, A-med, Biogen, Merk, Ipsen Pharma, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals, STADA, Medtronic and Löwenstein Medical. Beate Buchegger, Brooke Slade, Thomas Haybaeck, Hannes Oberkofler, Konstantin E Thiel has nothing to disclose. Ferdinand Otto received speakers honoraria or travel support from Biogen, BMS, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva-Ratiopharm. Tobias Moser received travel support, honoraria for presentations or participation on advisory boards from Biogen, BMS, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Merck, Stada and Teva. Peter Wipfler has received personal honoraria for lectures and educational activities from Alexion, Biogen, Merck, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva-Ratiopharm, Janssen-Pharmazeutika, Bristol-Myers SQUIBB and Horizon Therapeutics.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All patients and healthy probands provided written informed consent for participation in non-interventional biomedical basic research in MS and clinically isolated syndrome approved by the local ethics committee of the Bundesland Salzburg (415-E/1612/11-2018). The study was carried out according to the Helslinki protocol in its current version.