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Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Accepted: 25 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: John M. Kane has been a consultant for or received honoraria from Alkermes, Allergan, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerevel, Dainippon Sumitomo, Lundbeck, Health Rhythms, HLS Therapeutics, Indivior, Intracellular Therapies, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Johnson & Johnson, Karuna/Bristol Myers Squibb, LB Pharmaceuticals, Mapi, Maplight, Merck, Minerva, Neurocrine, Newron, Novartis, NW PharmaTech, Otsuka, Roche, Saladax, Sunovion, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; has served on advisory boards for AbbVie, Alkermes, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cerevel, Click Therapeutics, Karuna/Bristol Myers Squibb, Lundbeck, Merck, Newron, Novartis, Otsuka, Sumitomo, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Terran; has received grant support from Lundbeck, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Otsuka, and Sunovion; and is a shareholder of Medincell, Health Rhythms (private/stock options), LB Pharmaceuticals (private/stock options), North Shore Therapeutics (private/stock options), Vanguard Research Group (private/40% owner), NW Pharmatech (private/stock options), Saladax (private/stock options), Reviva (stock options), and Terran (private/stock options). Ofer Agid has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from Janssen Ortho (Johnson & Johnson), Otsuka, Lundbeck, Allergan/AbbVie, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Newron; has been a speaker for Janssen Ortho (Johnson & Johnson), Lundbeck, Otsuka, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, and HLS Therapeutics; and has received grant support from Janssen Ortho (Johnson & Johnson), Otsuka, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Neurocrine Bioscience. David J. Castle, in the past 5 years, has received grant monies for research from NHMRC, MRFF, Barbara Dicker Brain Sciences Foundation, CIHR (Canada), Brain Canada, Servier, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Inova; has received travel support and honoraria for talks and consultancy from Servier, Seqirus, Lundbeck, Mindcafe, Psych Scene, and Inside Practice; is a founder of the Optimal Health Program (OHP) and holds 50% of the IP for OHP; is part owner (8%) of Clarity Healthcare; has received royalties for books from Allen and Unwin, Elsevier, Oxford University Press, and Cambridge University Press; is an unpaid chair of an advisory board for Psychae, an Australian not-for-profit institute specializing in psychedelic medicines research; is an advisor for Tryp, a for-profit psychedelics company; was a member of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Psychedelic Assisted Therapy Working Group; and does not knowingly have stocks or shares in any pharmaceutical company. Leslie Citrome, has served as a consultant to AbbVie/Allergan, Acadia, Adamas, Alkermes, Angelini, Astellas, Avanir, Axsome, BioXcel, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cadent Therapeutics, Cerevel, Clinilabs, Compass Pathways, Eisai, Enteris BioPharma, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, INmune Bio, Impel, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Karuna, Lundbeck, Lyndra, MedAvante-ProPhase, Marvin, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Novartis, Noven, Otsuka, Ovid, Praxis, Recordati, Relmada, Reviva, Sage, Sunovion, Supernus, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and University of Arizona; has provided one-off ad hoc consulting for individuals/entities conducting marketing, commercial, or scientific scoping research; has been a speaker for AbbVie/Allergan, Acadia, Alkermes, Angelini, Axsome, BioXcel, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Idorsia, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Janssen, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Noven, Otsuka, Recordati, Sage, Sunovion, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceuticals and for CME activities organized by medical education companies such as Medscape, NACCME, NEI, and Vindico and universities and professional organizations/societies; owns stock (small number of shares of common stock) in Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, and Pfizer (purchased > 10 years ago) and stock options in Reviva; earns royalties/publishing income from Taylor & Francis (Editor-in-Chief, Current Medical Research & Opinion , 2022–present), Wiley (Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Clinical Practice , through end of 2019), UpToDate (reviewer), Springer Healthcare (book), and Elsevier (Topic Editor, Psychiatry , Clinical Therapeutics ). Andrea Fagiolini is/has been a consultant and/or speaker and/or has received research grants from Angelini, Boehringer Ingelheim, Idorsia, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Janssen, Medicamenta, Mylan, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, ROVI, Sunovion, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Viatris. Taishiro Kishimoto, in the past 3 years, has received consultant fees from Chugai, Otsuka, Sumitomo Pharma, and Teva Pharmaceuticals; has received speaker’s honoraria from Eisai, Janssen, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Mochida, MSD, Novartis, Otsuka, Pfizer, and Sumitomo Pharma; received licensing fees from Sumitomo Pharma; and has received donation courses from Mori building, outside the scope of the submitted work. Carlos A. Larrauri, in the past 3 years, has received presentation and speaker fees from Merck, Biogen, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Karuna/Bristol Myers Squibb, Cerevel, and the Center for Patient Advocacy Leaders; has received personal fees from Klick Health, Alkermes, K Therapy/Health, Janssen, Discern Health, Neurocrine, and Boehringer Ingelheim; and has received travel expenses for a poster presentation from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the scope of the submitted work. Stefan Leucht has received honoraria for advising/consulting and/or lectures and/or for educational materials from Angelini, Apsen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Karuna, Kynexis, Lundbeck, Medscape, Otsuka, Neurotorium, NovoNordisk, Orion Pharma, Otsuka, Roche, Rovi, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Jose M. Rubio has received honoraria from Teva Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Karuna, Bristol Myers Squibb, Medscape, and TotalCME; has received research support from Alkermes, Neurocrine, Saladax, and National Institutes of Health; and has received royalties from UpToDate. Martha Sajatovic has been awarded grants from Neurelis, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Merck, Otsuka, Alkermes, and Teva within the past 3 years; has been a consultant for Alkermes, Otsuka, Lundbeck, Janssen, and Teva Pharmaceuticals over the past year; has received royalties from Springer Press, Johns Hopkins University Press, Oxford Press, and UpToDate over the past year; and has been compensated for preparation of and/or participation in CME activities over the past year for the American Physician Institute (CMEtoGO), Psychopharmacology Institute, American Epilepsy Society, and Clinical Care Options. Nina Schooler, in the past 5 years, has received honoraria, consulted with, or received grant support from AbbVie, Alkermes, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, US Food and Drug Administration, GW Pharmaceuticals, Indivior, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Lundbeck, Miranda, Otsuka, Janssen, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Christoph U Correll has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from AbbVie, Acadia, Adcock Ingram, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Eli Lilly, Gedeon Richter, Hikma, Holmusk, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, Karuna, LB Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, Medincell, MedLink, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Maplight, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, PPD Biotech, Recordati, Relmada, Reviva, ROVI, Sage, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, SK Life Science, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris, and Xenon Pharmaceuticals; has provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck, and Otsuka; has served on a data safety monitoring board for Compass Pathways, Intra-Cellular Therapies, Relmada, Reviva, and ROVI; has received grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, and Takeda; has received royalties from UpToDate; and holds stock options in Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharmaceuticals, MedLink, Mindpax, Quantic, and Terran.

: Ethical approval was not required, as all panelists were authors on the manuscript.