Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 June 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Justin Lee, Adrian Kielhorn, and Sami Fam are employees of Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, MA, USA. Emily Riser is employed by Alabama Neurology Associates, Birmingham, AL, USA and has received funding from Corvitas and Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease for NMO Registries. Eoin P. Flanagan has served on advisory boards for Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, and UCB; has received research support from UCB, speaker honoraria from Pharmacy Times, and royalties from UpToDate; was a site primary investigator in a randomized clinical trial on inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder run by Medimmune/Viela-Bio/Horizon Therapeutics; has received funding from the NIH (R01NS113828); is a member of the medical advisory board of the MOG project; is an editorial board member of the Journal of the Neurological Sciences and Neuroimmunology Reports ; and has submitted a patent on DACH1-IgG as a biomarker of paraneoplastic autoimmunity. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and are consistent with Good Clinical Practice and applicable regulatory requirements. All data and subsequent analyses are compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to guard patients’ privacy. The retrospective claims data were de-identified according to regulations. Federal guidance on Public Welfare and Protection of Human Subjects was followed. This study was determined to be exempt from an IRB and informed consent was not required.