Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 20 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Outside the submitted work, the authors received honoraria for lectures, travel grants, or research grants. Anna Christina Saparilla Pietschmann, Moritz Koch, Gudrun M. Körner, Janna M. Siemer, Friederike Salge, Jarle von Hörsten, and Sonja Körner declare no conflict of interest. Stefan Gingele reports research support from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Hannover Biomedical Research School (HBRS) and consulting and/or speaker honoraria or compensation for travel or congress fees from Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, GSK, Pfizer, Merck and Takeda Pharmaceuticals all outside the submitted work. Konstantin F. Jendretzky received research support from Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and travel compensation and congress fee from Neuraxpharm, Merck and Novartis. Franz Felix Konen received honoraria for lectures and travel compensation from Alexion, Argenx, Merck, Novartis, and Takeda. He received research support as fellow of the German Research Foundation (DFG)- and Hannover Medical School (MHH)-funded Clinician Scientist Program (PRACTIS) at MHH and from Merck, Siemens and Erwin-Röver-Foundation. Martin W. Hümmert received institutional research support from Myelitis e. V., German Federal Joint Committee/Innovation Fund, and NEMOS e.V. Speaker honoraria from selpers.org, AMGEN/Horizon, and Alexion, travel grants from Alexion and compensation for serving on an advisory board from Alexion, Roche and UCB. Tabea Seeliger received a research grant from Novartis Pharma GmbH and compensation for congress fees by Abbvie. Thomas Skripuletz reports research support from Alnylam, CSL Behring, Merck, Novartis, Siemens; honoraria for lectures, travel support for meeting attendance, and/or consultancy fees from Alexion, Alnylam, argenx, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Centogene, CSL Behring, Grifols, Hexal AG, Horizon, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, SOBI, Teva, Viatris.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hannover Medical School (reference number Nr. 9741_BO_S_2021). All patients provided written informed consent before inclusion in the study. This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.