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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Declarations

:

: James F. Howard, Jr. has received research support (paid to his institution) from Ad Scientiam, Alexion/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Cartesian Therapeutics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Merck EMD Serono, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, the National Institutes of Health, NMD Pharma and UCB; has received honoraria/consulting fees from AcademicCME, Alexion/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Cartesian Therapeutics, CheckRare CME, CorEvitas, Curie.Bio, Hansa Biopharma, Lundbeck, Medscape CME, Merck EMD Serono, Novartis, PeerView CME, Physicians’ Education Resource (PER) CME, PlatformQ CME, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi US, TG Therapeutics, Toleranzia AB and UCB; and has received non-financial support from Alexion/AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Biohaven Ltd, Cartesian Therapeutics, Toleranzia AB and UCB. In the last 2 years, Professor Gavin Giovannoni has received compensation for serving as a Consultant or speaker, or research support, from Astoria Biologica, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, BioNTech, BMS-Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen/J&J, Japanese Tobacco, Kiniksa, Merck KGaA/EMD Serono, Moderna, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, Sandoz, Sanofi, UCB, Vir Biotechnology, Viracta and Zenas BioPharma. Mona Sadeghian was an employee and shareholder of UCB at the time of the conception and initial development of this publication. Natasa Savic is an employee and shareholder of UCB.

: We confirm that we have read the journal’s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this commentary is consistent with those guidelines. This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.