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Article History

Received: 2 August 2025

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Eugen Trinka has received consultancy fees from Argenx, Clexio, Celgene, UCB Pharma, Eisai, Epilog, Bial, Medtronic, Everpharma, Biogen, Takeda, Liva-Nova, Newbridge, Sunovion, GW Pharmaceuticals, Rapport, STOKE, and Marinus; speaker fees from Abbott, Bial, Biogen, Böhringer Ingelheim, Eisai, Everpharma, GSK, GW Pharmaceuticals, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Hikma, Liva-Nova, Newbridge, Novartis, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma; research funding (directly, or to his institution) from GSK, Biogen, Eisai, Novartis, Red Bull, Bayer, and UCB Pharma all outside the submitted work. Eugen Trinka has received research grants from Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Österreichische Nationalbank, and the European Union. Eugen Trinka is Co-founder of PrevEp Inc. and the CEO of Neuroconsult Ges.m.b.H. Eugen Trinka is co-director of the European Consortium on Epilepsy Trials (ECET). None of the above is related to the present work. Eugen Trinka is an Editorial Board member of Neurology and Therapy. Eugen Trinka was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Mahdi Safdarian, Aljoscha Thomschewski, Stefan Leis, and Laura Schnetzer have nothing to disclose.

: This was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Federal State of Salzburg with the number EK Nr: 1023/2021.