Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 August 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 1 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Angelo Antonini has received compensation for consultancy and speaker-related activities from AbbVie, Bayer, Bial, Britannia, Ever Pharma, Ferrer Teva, Roche, Stada, Theravance Biopharma, and Zambon and receives research support from Horizon2020 Grant 101016902, Ministry of University and Research (MUR), Ministry of Health, European Union—NextGenerationEU—NRRP M6C2—Investment: 2.1 “Enhancement and strengthening of biomedical research within the NSH.” Bruno Bergmans has received investigator-initiated grants from AbbVie. He has a clinical practice at AZ St-Jan Brugge in Brugge, Belgium, and is an academic consultant at Ghent University Hospital in Ghent, Belgium. He is the principal investigator for multiple clinical trials in Brugge, Belgium. He has received investigator-initiated grants from Merz Pharma GmbH; has served as a speaker for EG, Merz GmbH, Teva, and Zambon; and has served as an advisory board member for AbbVie, Abbott, Boston Scientific, EG, Ipsen, Merz GmbH, Orion Pharma, Teva, and UCB. His institution has received grants from AbbVie, Abbott, Boston Scientific, EG (for the organization of a deep-brain stimulation symposium sponsored by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society), Elekta, GSK, Ipsen, Medtronic, Merck, Merz GmbH, Orion Pharma, Schwabe, and Teva. Drew S Kern has served as an advisor for the Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CCTSI) Data Safety Monitoring Board; has received honoraria for advisement/consulting from AbbVie, Abbott, Alpha Omega Engineering, Boston Scientific, and Medtronic; and has received grants from Boston Scientific and Medtronic. Florin Gandor has served as an advisory board member for AbbVie and has received honoraria from AbbVie, Bial Pharma, Merz, and Stada. Noriko Nishikawa has received speaker honoraria from AbbVie GK, Eisai, Ono, and Takeda and has served as an advisor for AbbVie. David G Standaert is a member of the faculty of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and is supported by endowment and University funds. He is an investigator in studies funded by the AbbVie, the American Parkinson Disease Association, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research, The National Parkinson Foundation, the Alabama Department of Commerce, the Alabama Innovation Fund, Genentech, the Department of Defense, and NIH grants P50NS108675 and R25NS079188. He has a clinical practice and is compensated for his services through the University of Alabama Health Services Foundation. He serves as Deputy Editor for the journal Movement Disorders and is compensated for this role by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society. In addition, since January 1, 2022, he has served as a consultant for or received honoraria from AbbVie, Alnylam, Appello, Biohaven, BlueRock, Coave, Curium, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Lilly, Sanofi-Aventis, and Theravance. He has also received book royalties from McGraw-Hill Publishers. Bjoern Fritz, Resmi Gupta, Toshiki Nozaki, Megha B Shah, and Lars Bergmann are full-time employees of AbbVie, and may hold AbbVie stock and/or stock options. Thomas Kimber has received honoraria from AbbVie and Seqiris.

: The study protocol, recruitment materials, and informed consent forms were approved by independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each study site before enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines, the Declaration of Helsinki, and all applicable regional regulations. Patients and their care partners (if applicable) provided written informed consent before screening.