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Authors
Roberti, Roberta
Politi, Cristina
Anzellotti, Francesca
Belcastro, Vincenzo
Beretta, Simone
Boero, Giovanni
Bonanni, Paolo
Canafoglia, Laura
D’Aniello, Alfredo
Dainese, Filippo
De Caro, Carmen
Di Gennaro, Giancarlo
Di Giacomo, Roberta
DiFrancesco, Jacopo C.
Dono, Fedele
Falcicchio, Giovanni
Ferlazzo, Edoardo
Foschi, Nicoletta
Gambardella, Antonio
Giordano, Alfonso
Labate, Angelo
La Neve, Angela
Lattanzi, Simona
Leggio, Ugo
Liguori, Claudio
Maschio, Marta
Mattioli, Pietro
Nilo, Annacarmen
Operto, Francesca Felicia
Pascarella, Angelo
Pauletto, Giada
Pellegrino, Luciano
Renna, Rosaria
Strigaro, Gionata
,
Andreone, Vincenzo
Arnaldi, Dario
Badioni, Valeria
Bedetti, Chiara
Buttarelli, Lara
Cagnetti, Claudia
Cantello, Roberto
Danieli, Alberto
Deleo, Francesco
Evangelista, Giacomo
Fernandes, Mariana
Fortunato, Francesco
Gasparini, Sara
Lazzari, Matilde
Maialetti, Andrea
Mercuri, Nicola Biagio
Olivieri, Miriam
Osanni, Elisa
Pascarella, Maria Grazia
Pastori, Chiara
Sensi, Stefano L
Damavandi, Payam Tabaee
Tinti, Lorenzo
Verriello, Lorenzo
Villani, Flavio
Zoleo, Pio
Russo, Emilio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-8123
Di Gennaro, Gianfranco
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero della Salute (PNRR MCNT2- 2023-12377846 (GUMBLE Study))
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: Roberta Roberti has received speaker’s or consultancy fees from Eisai, UCB Pharma and Jazz Pharmaceuticals. Francesca Anzellotti has received travel support from Eisai, UCB and Angelini Pharma; and has speaker honoraria from Eisai and Angelini Pharma. Giovanni Boero has received speaker’s or consultancy fees from Eisai, Angelini Pharma and UCB Pharma. Paolo Bonanni has received speaker’s or consultancy fees from Bial, Eisai, GW, LivaNova, Lusofarmaco, Proveca and Roche. Laura Canafoglia has participated in pharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials for UCB Pharma and other pharmaceutical industries; and has received speaker honoraria from Eisai. Alfredo D’Aniello has participated in pharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials for UCB Pharma; has received speaker honoraria and consultancy fees from Eisai, UCB Pharma, Angelini Pharma and Neuraxpharm; and has served on advisory boards for Angelini Pharma. Filippo Dainese has received speaker’s or consultancy fees from UCB Pharma, Eisai and Bial. Giancarlo Di Gennaro has received speaker honoraria from UCB Pharma, Eisai, Lusofarmaco, Livanova, Angelini Pharma and Jazz Pharmaceuticals; and has served on advisory board for Bial, Arvelle, Angelini Pharma, Livanova, Neuraxpharma and UCB Pharma. Fedele Dono has received travel support from Eisai, UCB Pharma and Angelini Pharma; and has received speaker honoraria from Eisai. Giovanni Falcicchio has received speaker fees from Angelini Pharma. Edoardo Ferlazzo has received speaker honoraria from UCB Pharma, Eisai and Angelini Pharma. Antonio Gambardella has received speaker honoraria from UCB Pharma, Eisai, Angelini Pharma, Jazz, Bial and Zambon. Angela La Neve has received speaker’s or consultancy fees from Eisai, Mylan, Sanofi, Bial, GW, Arvelle, Angelini Pharma and UCB Pharma; and has served on scientific advisory boards for GW Pharma, Jazz Pharmaceuticals and Angelini Pharma. Simona Lattanzi has received speaker’s or consultancy fees from Angelini Pharma, Eisai, GW Pharmaceuticals, Medscape and UCB Pharma; and has served on advisory boards for Angelini Pharma, Arvelle Therapeutics, BIAL, Eisai and GW Pharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. Simona Lattanzi received research grant support from the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of University and Research outside the submitted work. Pietro Mattioli has received speaker honoraria from Angelini Pharma. Emilio Russo has received speaker fees or funding from and has participated on advisory boards for Angelini Pharma, Eisai, Ethypharm, GW Pharmaceuticals, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Kolfarma and UCB Pharma. Simona Lattanzi is an Editorial Board member of Neurology and Therapy , but was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript or in any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Cristina Politi, Vincenzo Belcastro, Simone Beretta, Carmen De Caro, Roberta Di Giacomo, Jacopo C DiFrancesco, Nicoletta Foschi, Alfonso Giordano, Angelo Labate, Ugo Leggio, Claudio Liguori, Marta Maschio, Annacarmen Nilo, Francesca Felicia Operto, Angelo Pascarella, Giada Pauletto, Luciano Pellegrino, Rosaria Renna and Gionata Strigaro and Gianfranco Di Gennaro have no conflicts of interest.
: The overall, anonymized data collection was approved by the Ethics Committee of Calabria Region, Italy (protocol number 115/19) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study was based on retrospective and fully anonymized data, written informed consent was not required.
