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Authors
Kong, Zhen
Yu, Ran
Li, Chengqian
He, Qiqing
Zhou, Yuting
Zhang, Xue
Li, Yaqing
Xie, Anmu
Hou, Binghui https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1710-3579
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82471459)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82501680)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023M741857)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023TQ0165)
Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. SDBX2023050)
Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. SDCX-ZG-202400038)
Qingdao Postdoctoral Science Foundation (QDBSH20230202039)
Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao Municipality (23-2-1-130-zyyd-jch)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: Zhen Kong, Ran Yu, Chengqian Li, Qiqing He, Yuting Zhou, Xue Zhang, Yaqing Li, Anmu Xie and Binghui Hou have no conflict of interest.
: This retrospective chart review study, involving human participants, was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (QYFY-WZLL-28612). All the PPMI data in this study were approved by the institutional review board of each PPMI site. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
