Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 25 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Francesco Saccà has received public speaking honoraria from Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Biogen, Genpharm, Johnson & Johnson, MedPharm, Medison Pharma, Neopharm Israel, UCB, and Zai Lab; has received compensation for advisory boards or consultation fees from Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, argenx, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Dianthus Therapeutics, Johnson & Johnson, Lexeo Therapeutics, Novartis, Sandoz, UCB, and Zai Lab; and is a principal investigator in clinical trials for Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Cartesian Therapeutics, Dianthus Therapeutics, Immunovant, Inc., Leadiant Biosciences, Novartis, Prilenia Therapeutics, RemeGen, and Sanofi. Justin Lee and Guido Sabatella are employees of Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease and hold stock or stock options in AstraZeneca. Karen S. Yee is an employee of Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease and owns shares in AstraZeneca and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Nicholas J. Silvestri was employed at Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, at the time of the analysis and is currently an employee of Argenx and has served on a scientific advisory or data safety monitoring board for Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Amgen, Annexon Biosciences, Immunovant, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Regeneron, and UCB and on speaker bureaus for Alexion, AstraZeneca Rare Disease, argenx, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, and UCB.

: The research utilized databases that included only anonymized or de-identified information, with no individually identifiable data being collected, used, or shared. All data sources adhered to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) guidelines. As a result, institutional review board approval was not necessary, and explicit consent or administrative authorization from individuals was not required.