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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 19 February 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Stein Henry Bjelland has received fees for consultancy, advisory board and clinical trials from Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Teva, Genzyme/Sanofi, Roche. Marton König has participated in advisory boards and received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi. Cecilia Smith Simonsen has received unrestricted research grant from Sanofi and Novartis, advisory board and/or speaker honoraria from Sanofi, Merck, Ipsen and Novartis. Hilde-Marie Andersen is an employee of Merck AS, Oslo, Norway an affiliate of Merck KGaA. Tobias Dugstad declares no conflicts of interest. Øivind Torkildsen has participated in advisory boards and received speaker honoraria from Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Teva, Roche, Sanofi, and Bristol Myers Squibb and has participated in clinical trials organised by Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi.

: This review article is based on previously conducted studies and the clinical expertise of the authors in treating pwMS. No new clinical studies were performed by the authors. No pwMS-specific efficacy or safety data were reported; therefore, institutional review board (IRB)/ethics approval was not required.