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Authors
Hayer, Stefanie N. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6944-6711
McLaren, Donald G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0566-4610
Nance, Robin M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4412-4844
Hengel, Holger https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-2667
Röben, Benjamin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4905-8698
Kellner, Melanie
Bürkle, Eva https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-9124
Schöls, Ludger https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-5025
Bender, Benjamin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3205-4631
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Vigil Neuroscience, Inc.
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Article History
Received: 13 November 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: Stefanie N. Hayer was funded by the Hertie Network of Excellence in Clinical Neuroscience (GHST grant P1200021). Holger Hengel was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, HE 8803/1-1). Benjamin Röben has received a research grant from the University of Tübingen (Clinician Scientist; Project-Nr. 480-0-0). Donald G. McLaren was an employee of Vigil Neuroscience, Inc., and/or held stock/stock options. He is currently an employee of Vigil Neuroscience, Inc., a Sanofi company. Robin M. Nance has received consultancy fees from Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. Melanie Kellner declares that she has no competing interests. Eva Bürkle declares that she has no competing interests. Ludger Schöls is funded by the German Research council (DFG grant SCHO754/6-2), German Ministry of Health (BMG grant ZMVI1-2520DAT94E to LeukoExpert), German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF grant 01GM1905A to Treat HSP and grant 01GM1907A to Treat ION), European Commission (EU grant 947588 to the ERNRND registry and JPND grant 01ED16028 to ESMI), is a member of the European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (Project No 739510), and serves as a principal investigator on clinical studies sponsored by Vigil Neuroscience, Inc. (VGL101-01.001; VGL101-01.002). Benjamin Bender is cofounder and shareholder of AIRAmed GmbH and has received consultancy fees from Eisai GmbH, Medtronic, and Novartis.
: The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to all applicable laws and regulations. Prior to initiation, the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Tübingen (approval number 502/2024BO2), which ruled that, because the study was noninterventional and retrospective and all data were de-identified prior to inclusion and analysis, the study posed no risk or burden to patients and did not require participants to provide signed informed consent according to §13(1) 1 Landesdatenschutzgesetz Baden-Württemberg of German law.
