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Article History

Received: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Pablo Arija is an employee of OPEN Health, which received funding in connection with this study from AbbVie. Josefa Domingos declares no conflicts of interest. Irene A. Malaty has participated in research funded by AbbVie, Emalex, Neuroderm, Praxis, Prilenia, Revance, and Sage, but she has no ownership interest in any pharmaceutical company. She has received consulting fees from AbbVie. She has received travel compensation or honoraria from Medscape, and royalties from Robert Rose publishers. Rajesh Pahwa reports grants from Abbott, AbbVie, Alexza, Annovis, Biogen, Bluerock, Bukwang, Cerevel, Global Kinetics, Jazz, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, NeuroDerm, Neuraly, the Parkinson’s Foundation, Praxis, Roche, Sage, Scion, Sun Pharma, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, UCB, and Voyager; and consulting fees from Abbott, AbbVie, ACADIA, Acorda, Allevion, Amneal, Artemida, BioVie, CalaHealth, Convatec, Global Kinetics, Inbeeo, Insightec, Jazz, Kyowa, Lundbeck, Merz, Neurocrine, NeuroDerm, Ono, PhotoPharmics, Sage, Sunovion, Supernus, UCB, and Wren. K. Ray Chaudhuri has served as an advisory board member as well as a study investigator for 4D, AbbVie, Acadia, Bial, Britannia, Cynapsus, GKC, Lobsor, Medtronic, Profile, Roche, Scion, Stada, Sunovion, Therevance, UCB, and Zambon. K. Ray Chaudhuri has received honoraria for lectures and/or has acted as a consultant for AbbVie Inc, Bial, Boehringer Ingelheim, Britannia, Kyowa Kirin, Medtronic, Mundipharma, Novartis, Otsuka, SK Pharma, Sunovion, UCB, US WorldMeds, and Zambon. K. Ray Chaudhuri has received investigator-initiated grants from AbbVie, Bial, Britannia Pharmaceuticals, GKC, and UCB; as well as received academic grants from EU, EU (Horizon 2020), Horizon 2020, IMI EU, Kirby Laing Foundation, MRC, NIHR, NPF, Parkinson’s UK, PDNMG, and Wellcome Trust. K. Ray Chaudhuri holds intellectual property rights for the King’s Parkinson’s Pain Scale and Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale, as well as receiving royalties from Oxford University Press. Angelo Antonini has received compensation for consultancy and speaker-related activities from UCB, AbbVie, Britannia, Zambon, Bial, Theravance Biopharma, Ever Pharma, Bayer, Ferrer, AskBio and Roche. He receives research support from Horizon 2020, Ministry of University and Research (MUR), Ministry of Health (MoH), European Union—NextGenerationEU – NRRP M6C2—Investment: 2.1 “Enhancement and strengthening of biomedical research within the NSH”. Hannah Penton is an employee of OPEN Health, which received funding in connection with this study from AbbVie. Marieke Heisen is a former employee of OPEN Health, which received funding in connection with this study from AbbVie. Connie H. Yan is an employee of AbbVie and may own stocks/shares in the company. Pavnit Kukreja is an employee of AbbVie and may own stocks/shares in the company. Elaheh Shirneshan is an employee of AbbVie and may own stocks/shares in the company. Inyoung Lee is an employee of AbbVie and may own stocks/shares in the company. Megha Shah is an employee of AbbVie and may own stocks/shares in the company. Juan Carlos Parra is an employee of AbbVie and may own stocks/shares in the company. Marco Boeri is an employee of OPEN Health, which received funding in connection with this study from AbbVie.

: Centralized ethics approval was obtained from SALUS IRB, USA, on 20 September 2023 (Reference number 21091). All procedures in this study followed the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments, along with good clinical practice of the International Council for Harmonisation. All subjects provided informed consent to participate in the study.