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Authors
Gierthmuehlen, Mortimer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8575-6445
Schmieder, Kirsten
Thon, Niklas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-5281
Gierthmuehlen, Petra Christine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4837-2546
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
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: Mortimer Gierthmuehlen is founder and consultant of Neuroloop GmbH, which develops an invasive vagal nerve stimulator against arterial hypertension. There is no thematic overlap and no scientific or commercial interference between Neuroloop and this study which investigates non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation. Petra Gierthmuehlen, Kirsten Schmieder and Niklas Thon have nothing to disclose. Kirsten Schmieder left University Medical Center Bochum shortly before completion of the study and subsequently became Medical Director of University Medical Center Düsseldorf.
: This trial received ethical approval from the Ethics Commission Bochum (Reference number: 23/7798) on 12/05/2023. The approved version of the study protocol is version 5. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (GCP), the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and established professional conduct standards. Before enrollment, participants received detailed information about the study and provided written informed consent.
